Functional Neuroradiology Principles and Clinical Applications – Faro

Functional Neuroradiology

Part I Diffusion and Perfusion Imaging: Physical Principles

1 Physical Principles of Diffusion Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Thinesh Sivapatham and Elias R. Melhem

2 Physical Principles of Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced

and Dynamic Susceptibility Contrast MRI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Mark S. Shiroishi, Jerrold L. Boxerman, C. Chad Quarles, Daniel S. R. Stahl,

Saulo Lacerda, Naira Muradyan, Timothy P. L. Roberts, and Meng Law

3 Physical Principles of Non-gadolinium Perfusion Technique

(Arterial Spin Labeling) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Youngkyoo Jung, Huan Tan, and Jonathan H. Burdette

Part II Diffusion and Perfusion Imaging: Clinical Applications

4 Clinical Applications of Diffusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Juan Márquez, Thiparom Sananmuang, Ashok Srinivasan, Pamela W. Schaefer,

and Reza Forghani

5 Clinical Applications of MR Perfusion Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

Seyed Ali Nabavizadeh and Ronald L. Wolf

6 Clinical Application of Perfusion and Diffusion in Stroke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

Tanvir Rizvi and Max Wintermark

7 Clinical Applications of Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced (DCE)

Permeability Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

Saulo Lacerda, Giuseppe Barisano, Mark S. Shiroishi, and Meng Law

8 CNS Tumor Surveillance and Functional MR Perfusion Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

Amit Desai and Rajan Jain

Part III Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Chemical Exchange

Saturation Transfer Imaging

9 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Physical Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223

Stefan Blüml

10 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Clinical Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

Alena Horská, Adam Berrington, Peter B. Barker, and Ivan Tkáč

11 Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (CEST) Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293

Daniel Paech and Lisa Loi

Part IV Multimodal Functional Neuroradiology

12 Functional Imaging-Based Diagnostic Strategy: Intra-axial

Brain Masses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311

Arastoo Vossough and Seyed Ali Nabavizadeh

13 Functional Neuroimaging of Epilepsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345

Noriko Salamon

14 Functional Neuroradiology of Traumatic Brain Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355

Giacomo Boffa, Eytan Raz, and Matilde Inglese

15 Functional Neuroradiology of Multiple Sclerosis:

Non-BOLD Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373

Francesca Benedetta Pizzini and Giacomo Talenti

16 Functional Neuroradiology of Psychiatric Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393

Paolo Nucifora

17 Neuroimaging of Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407

Richard H. Gracely and Pia C. Sundgren

18 Quantitative and Physiological Magnetic Resonance

Imaging in Glioma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433

Shah Islam, Melanie A. Morrison, and Adam D. Waldman

Part V BOLD Functional MRI: Physical Principles

19 Principles of BOLD Functional MRI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461

Seong-Gi Kim and Peter A. Bandettini

20 fMRI Scanning Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473

Chris J. Conklin and Devon M. Middleton

21 Experimental Design and Data Analysis for fMRI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485

Geoffrey K. Aguirre

22 Challenges in fMRI and Its Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497

R. Todd Constable

23 Neurovascular Uncoupling in Functional MRI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511

Jorn Fierstra and David J. Mikulis

24 Functional Connectivity MR Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521

Corey Horien, Xilin Shen, Dustin Scheinost, R. Todd Constable,

and Michelle Hampson

25 Clinical Challenges of Functional MRI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543

Nader Pouratian, Bayard Wilson, and Susan Y. Bookheimer

Part VI BOLD Functional MRI: Clinical & Cognitive Applications

26 fMRI of Language Systems: Methods and Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565

Jeffrey R. Binder

27 Functional MRI of Language and Memory in Surgical Epilepsy:

fMRI Wada Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593

Brenna C. McDonald, Rupa Radhakrishnan, and Kathleen M. Kingery

28 Resting State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623

Daniel Ryan, Sachin K. Gujar, and Haris I. Sair

29 fMRI of Human Visual Pathways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641

Edgar A. DeYoe, John L. Ulmer, Wade M. Mueller, Lotf Hacein-Bey,

Viktor Szeder, Mary Jo Maciejewski, Karen Medler, Danielle Reitsma,

and Jedediah Mathis

30 Functional MRI Studies of Memory in Aging, Mild Cognitive

Impairment, and Alzheimer’s Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671

Jian Zhu, Shannon L. Risacher, Heather A. Wishart,

and Andrew J. Saykin

31 Brain Mapping for Cognitive Neuroscience and Neurosurgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713

Joy Hirsch

32 fMRI of the Central Auditory System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745

Deborah Ann Hall and Thomas M. Talavage

33 fMRI of Epilepsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765

Karsten Krakow

34 Functional MRI of Multiple Sclerosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781

Heather A. Wishart

35 Applications of fMRI to Psychiatry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 799

Chandni Sheth, Erin C. McGlade, and Deborah Yurgelun-Todd

36 Applications of fMRI to Neurodegenerative Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 819

Shamseldeen Y. Mahmoud, Moon Doksu, Jonathan K. Lee,

and Stephen E. Jones

37 Applications of MRI to Psychopharmacology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 861

Dan J. Stein, Yihong Yang, and Betty Jo Salmeron

38 Functional MRI: Cognitive Neuroscience Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 877

Andrew S. Kayser, Anthony J. W. Chen, and Mark D’Esposito

Part VII Diffusion Tensor Imaging: Physical Principles

39 Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging – Physical Principles. . . . . . . . . 903

Jose Guerrero, Thomas A. Gallagher, Andrew L. Alexander,

and Aaron S. Field

40 Advanced Diffusion Imaging in Neuroradiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 933

Devon M. Middleton and Chris J. Conklin

Part VIII Diffusion Tensor Imaging: Clinical Applications

41 Diffusion Tractography in Neurosurgical Planning: Overview of Advanced Clinical

Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 951

Jingya Miao, Solomon Feuerwerker, Karim Hafazalla, Lauren Janczewski,

Michael P. Baldassari, Steven Lange, Arichena Manmatharayan,

Jennifer Muller, Michael Kogan, Caio M. Matias, Nikolaos Mouchtouris,

Daniel Franco, Joshua E. Heller, James S. Harrop, Ashwini Sharan,

and Mahdi Alizadeh

42 Issues in Translating Imaging Technology and Presurgical

Diffusion Tensor Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 969

John L. Ulmer, Jeffrey I. Berman, Wade M. Mueller, Wolfgang Gaggl,

Edgar A. DeYoe, and Andrew P. Klein

43 Clinical Applications of Diffusion MRI in Epilepsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1003

Joanne M. Rispoli, Christopher P. Hess, and Timothy M. Shepherd

Part IX Clinical Presurgical Brain Tumor Mapping

44 fMRI and DTI: Review of Complementary Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1025

Shruti Agarwal, Hussain Al Khalifah, Domenico Zaca, and Jay J. Pillai

45 DTI: Functional Anatomy of Key Tracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1061

Arash Kamali, Vinodh A. Kumar, Khader M. Hasan, Mohit Maheshwari,

Andrew P. Klein, Kiran Shankar Talekar, John L. Ulmer, and Scott H. Faro

46 Pediatric Applications of fMRI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1085

Byron Bernal and Nolan R. Altman

Part X Magnetoenphalopathy and PET Imaging

47 Magnetoencephalography: Epilepsy and Brain Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1123

Erin Simon Schwartz and Timothy P. L. Roberts

48 PET-CT/MR Imaging in Head and Neck Cancer: Physiologic

Variations, Pitfalls, and Directed Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1137

Laurie A. Loevner

49 Simultaneous PET and MR Imaging of the Human Brain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1165

Ciprian Catana, Christin Sander, A. Gregory Sorensen, and Bruce R. Rosen

Part XI Emerging Neuroimaging Techniques

50 Functional Imaging in Autism Spectrum Disorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1205

Junko Matsuzaki, Heather Green, and Timothy P. L. Roberts

51 The Role of Molecular Imaging in Personalized Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1223

Michelle Bradbury

52 Quantitative Metabolic Magnetic Resonance Imaging:

A Case for Bioscales in Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1239

Keith R. Thulborn

53 Magnetic Resonance Fingerprinting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1259

Chaitra Badve and Dan Ma

54 Neuroimaging of Brain Tumors in the Era of Radiogenomics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1275

Prem P. Batchala, Thomas J. Eluvathingal Muttikkal, Joseph H. Donahue,

M. Beatriz Lopes, Eli S. Williams, Nicholas J. Tustison, and Sohil H. Patel

55 Radiomics and Radiogenomics in Glioma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1313

Murat Ak and Rivka R. Colen

56 Quantitative T1ρ MR Imaging in Neuroradiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1323

Christopher G. Filippi, Alexander Klebba, Scott Hipko, and Richard Watts

57 Neurological Applications of Magnetic Resonance-Guided

Focused Ultrasound Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1337

Abdul-Kareem Ahmed, Dheeraj Gandhi, Timothy R. Miller, Rao Gullapalli,

and Elias R. Melhem

58 CNS Machine Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1347

Elizabeth Tong, Endre Grøvik, Kyrre Eeg Emblem, Kevin Chen,

Audrey Fan, Yannan Yu, Guangming Zhu, Moss Zhao, Sanaz Niri,

and Greg Zaharchuk

59 Anatomical and Functional Features of the Central Nervous

System Lymphatic System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1377

Manus Joseph Donahue, Paula M. C. Donahue, Rachelle Crescenzi,

and Colin D. McKnight

60 TBI Sports Related Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1389

Mohammad I. Kawas, Christopher A. Sheridan, William C. Flood,

Adam P. Sweeney, and Christopher T. Whitlow

Part XII Functional Spine and Hydrocephalus Imaging

61 Functional MRI of the Spinal Cord: Diffusion Weighted, Diffusion

Tensor Imaging, and Fiber Tractography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1403

Kiran Shankar Talekar, Meng Law, Majda M. Thurnher, Eric D. Schwartz,

and Adam E. Flanders

62 Advanced Neuroimaging for Spine Metastasis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1425

Varun Sethi, Kristin J. Redmond, and Majid Khan

63 Hydrocephalus Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1439

Ari M. Blitz, Ameya P. Nayate, Anthony Higginbotham,

Daniele Rigamonti, and Harold L. Rekate

Part XIII Neuroanatomical Brain Atlas

64 Neuroanatomical Atlas of Key Presurgical and Cognitive Eloquent

Cortex Regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1457

Feroze B. Mohamed, Michael P. Yannes, Muhammed Malik,

and Scott H. Faro

65 Normal Anatomic Atlas of Common White Matter

Tracts Using DTI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1477

Andrew P. Klein

66 fMRI Paradigms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1491

Kiran Shankar Talekar, Feroze B. Mohamed, and Scott H. Faro

Correction to: Neurological Applications of Magnetic Resonance-Guided

Focused Ultrasound Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C1

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1501