Diagnostic Imaging: Spine, 5th Edition – Ross

Diagnostic Imaging: Spine, 5th Edition

• Part I: Congenital and Genetic Disorders

  Section 1: Congenital

  NORMAL ANATOMICAL VARIATIONS

  Normal Anatomy

  Measurement Techniques

  MR Artifacts

  Normal Variant

  Transitional Anatomy and Spinal Enumeration

  Transitional Anatomy and Spinal Enumeration

  Craniovertebral Junction Variants

  Ponticulus Posticus

  Ossiculum Terminale

  Conjoined Nerve Roots

  Limbus Vertebra

  Filum Terminale Fibrolipoma

  Bone Island

  Ventriculus Terminalis

  CHIARI DISORDERS

  Approach to Chiari

  Chiari 1

  Complex Chiari

  Chiari 2

  Chiari 3

  ABNORMALITIES OF NEURULATION

  Approach to Spine and Spinal Cord Development

  Myelomeningocele

  Lipomyelomeningocele

  Lipoma, Spine

  Dorsal Dermal Sinus

  Simple Coccygeal Dimple

  Dermoid Cyst, Spine

  Epidermoid Cyst, Spine

  ANOMALIES OF CAUDAL CELL MASS

  Tethered Spinal Cord

  Segmental Spinal Dysgenesis

  Caudal Regression Syndrome

  Terminal Myelocystocele

  Anterior Sacral Meningocele

  Sacral Extradural Arachnoid Cyst

  Sacrococcygeal Teratoma

  ANOMALIES OF NOTOCHORD AND VERTEBRAL FORMATION

  Craniovertebral Junction Embryology

  Paracondylar Process

  Split Atlas

  Klippel-Feil Spectrum

  Failure of Vertebral Formation

  Vertebral Segmentation Failure

  Split Cord Malformation

  Partial Vertebral Duplication

  Incomplete Fusion, Posterior Element

  Neurenteric Cyst

  DEVELOPMENTAL ABNORMALITIES

  Os Odontoideum

  Lateral Meningocele

  Dorsal Spinal Meningocele

  Dural Dysplasia

  Section 2: Genetic Disorders

  Neurofibromatosis Type 1, Spine

  Neurofibromatosis Type 2, Spine

  Schwannomatosis

  Achondroplasia

  Mucopolysaccharidoses, Spine

  Sickle Cell Disease, Spine

  Osteogenesis Imperfecta

  Tuberous Sclerosis

  Osteopetrosis

  Gaucher Disease

  Ochronosis

  Connective Tissue Disorders

  Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia

• Part II: Trauma

  Section 1: Vertebral Column, Discs, and Paraspinal Muscle

  Fracture Classification

  Atlantooccipital Dislocation

  Ligamentous Injury

  Occipital Condyle Fracture

  Jefferson C1 Fracture

  Atlantoaxial Rotatory Fixation

  Odontoid C2 Fracture

  Burst C2 Fracture

  Hangman’s C2 Fracture

  Apophyseal Ring Fracture

  Cervical Hyperflexion Injury

  Cervical Hyperextension Injury

  Cervical Burst Fracture

  Cervical Hyperextension-Rotation Injury

  Cervical Lateral Flexion Injury

  Cervical Posterior Column Injury

  Traumatic Disc Herniation

  Thoracic and Lumbar Burst Fracture

  Facet-Lamina Thoracolumbar Fracture

  Fracture Dislocation

  Chance Fracture

  Thoracic and Lumbar Hyperextension Injury

  Compression Fracture

  Lumbar Facet-Posterior Fracture

  Sacral Traumatic Fracture

  Pedicle Stress Fracture

  Sacral Insufficiency Fracture

  Section 2: Cord, Dura, and Vessels

  SCIWORA

  Posttraumatic Syrinx

  Presyrinx Edema

  Spinal Cord Contusion-Hematoma

  Central Spinal Cord Syndrome

  Traumatic Dural Tear

  Traumatic Epidural Hematoma

  Traumatic Subdural Hematoma

  Vascular Injury, Cervical

  Traumatic Arteriovenous Fistula

  Wallerian Degeneration

• Part III: Degenerative Diseases and Arthritides

  Section 1: Degenerative Diseases

  Nomenclature of Lumbar Degenerative Disc Disease

  Degenerative Disc Disease

  Degenerative Endplate Changes

  Degenerative Arthritis of Craniovertebral Junction

  Disc Bulge

  Anular Fissure, Intervertebral Disc

  Cervical Intervertebral Disc Herniation

  Thoracic Intervertebral Disc Herniation

  Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Herniation

  Intervertebral Disc Extrusion, Foraminal

  Cervical Facet Arthropathy

  Lumbar Facet Arthropathy

  Facet Joint Synovial Cyst

  Baastrup Disease

  Bertolotti Syndrome

  Schmorl Node

  Scheuermann Disease

  Acquired Lumbar Central Stenosis

  Congenital Spinal Stenosis, Idiopathic

  Cervical Spondylosis

  DISH

  OPLL

  Ossification Ligamentum Flavum

  Retroodontoid Pseudotumor

  Section 2: Spondylolisthesis and Spondylolysis

  Spondylolisthesis

  Spondylolysis

  Instability

  Section 3: Inflammatory, Crystalline, and Miscellaneous Arthritides

  Adult Rheumatoid Arthritis

  54 Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis

  Spondyloarthropathy

  Neurogenic (Charcot) Arthropathy

  Hemodialysis Spondyloarthropathy

  Ankylosing Spondylitis

  CPPD

  Gout

  Longus Colli Calcific Tendinitis

  Section 4: Scoliosis and Kyphosis

  Introduction to Scoliosis

  Scoliosis

  Kyphosis

  Degenerative Scoliosis

  Flat Back Syndrome

  Scoliosis Instrumentation

• Part IV: Infection and Inflammatory Disorders

  Section 1: Infections

  Pathways of Spread

  Spinal Meningitis

  Pyogenic Osteomyelitis

  Tuberculous Osteomyelitis

  Fungal and Miscellaneous Osteomyelitis

  Osteomyelitis, C1-C2

  Brucellar Spondylitis

  Septic Facet Joint Arthritis

  Paraspinal Abscess

  Epidural Abscess

  Subdural Abscess

  Abscess, Spinal Cord

  Viral Myelitis

  HIV Myelitis

  Syphilitic Myelitis

  Opportunistic Infections

  Echinococcosis

  Schistosomiasis

  Cysticercosis

  Section 2: Inflammatory and Autoimmune Disorders

  Acute Transverse Myelopathy

  Idiopathic Acute Transverse Myelitis

  Multiple Sclerosis

  Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder

  Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Autoantibody Myelitis

  ADEM, Spine

  Guillain-Barré Syndrome

  CIDP

  Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis

  Grisel Syndrome

  Autoimmune-Mediated Myelopathy

  Hypertrophic Pachymeningitis-Related Diseases

  Section 3: Neoplasms, Cysts, and Other Masses

  NEOPLASMS

  INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW

  Spread of Neoplasms

  EXTRADURAL

  Imaging of Metastatic Disease

  Blastic Osseous Metastases

  Lytic Osseous Metastases

  Hemangioma

  Osteoid Osteoma

  Osteoblastoma

  Aneurysmal Bone Cyst

  Giant Cell Tumor

  Osteochondroma

  Chondrosarcoma

  Osteosarcoma

  Chordoma

  Ewing Sarcoma

  Lymphoma

  Leukemia

  Plasmacytoma

  Multiple Myeloma

  Neuroblastic Tumors

  Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis

  Angiolipoma

  INTRADURAL EXTRAMEDULLARY

  Schwannoma

  Malignant Melanotic Nerve Sheath Tumors

  Meningioma

  Solitary Fibrous Tumor/Hemangiopericytoma

  Neurofibroma

  Malignant Nerve Sheath Tumors

  CSF Disseminated Metastases

  Cauda Equine Neuroendocrine Tumor

  INTRAMEDULLARY

  Astrocytoma

  Diffuse Midline Glioma H3 K-27 Altered

  Ependymoma

  Myxopapillary Ependymoma

  Hemangioblastoma

  Spinal Cord Metastases

  Primary Melanocytic Neoplasms/Melanocytoma

  Ganglioglioma

  NONNEOPLASTIC CYSTS AND TUMOR MIMICS

  CYSTS

  CSF Flow Artifact

  Meningeal Cyst

  Perineural Root Sleeve Cyst

  Syringomyelia

  NONNEOPLASTIC MASSES AND TUMOR MIMICS

  Epidural Lipomatosis

  Normal Fatty Marrow Variants

  Fibrous Dysplasia

  Calcifying Pseudoneoplasm of Neuraxis

  Kümmell Disease

  Hirayama Disease

  CSF LEAK DISORDERS

  Introduction and Overview of CSF Leak

  Intracranial Hypotension

  Techniques for CSF Leak Detection

  Techniques for CSF Leak Detection

  Fast CSF Leak/Meningeal Diverticulum

  Fast CSF Leak/Ventral Dural Tear

  Slow CSF Leak/CSF Venous Fistula

  Idiopathic Spinal Cord Herniation

  VASCULAR

  VASCULAR ANATOMY AND CONGENITAL LESIONS

  Vascular Anatomy

  Persistent First Intersegmental Artery

  Persistent Hypoglossal Artery

  Persistent Proatlantal Artery

  VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS

  Spinal Dural Arteriovenous Fistula (Type 1)

  Spinal Cord Arteriovenous Malformation (Type 2)

  Complex Spinal Cord Arteriovenous Malformation (Type 3)

  Spinal Perimedullary Fistula (Type 4)

  Conus Arteriovenous Malformation

  Posterior Fossa Dural Fistula With Intraspinal Drainage

  Spinal Epidural Arteriovenous Fistula

  Cavernous Malformation

  VASCULAR MISCELLANEOUS

  Spinal Artery Aneurysm

  Spinal Cord Infarction

  Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

  Spontaneous Epidural Hematoma

  Subdural Hematoma

  Superficial Siderosis

  Hematomyelia/Nontraumatic Cord Hemorrhage

  Bow Hunter Syndrome

  Vertebral Artery Dissection

  SYSTEMIC DISORDERS

  SPINAL MANIFESTATIONS OF SYSTEMIC DISEASES

  Osteoporosis

  Paget Disease

  Hyperparathyroidism

  Renal Osteodystrophy

  Hyperplastic Vertebral Marrow

  Myelofibrosis

  Bone Infarction

  Extramedullary Hematopoiesis

  Tumoral Calcinosis

  Sarcoidosis

  Hemophilic Pseudotumor

  EBV-Associated Smooth Muscle Tumor

  Subacute Combined Degeneration

• Part V: Peripheral Nerve and Plexus

  Section 1: Plexus and Peripheral Nerve Lesions

  Normal Plexus and Nerve Anatomy

  Superior Sulcus Tumor

  Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

  Muscle Denervation

  Brachial Plexus Traction Injury

  Idiopathic Brachial Plexus Neuritis

  Traumatic Neuroma

  Radiation Plexopathy

  Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor

  Peripheral Neurolymphomatosis

  Hypertrophic Neuropathy

• Part VI: Spine Postprocedural/Posttreatment Imaging

  Section 1: Postoperative Imaging and Complications

  Surgical Approaches

  Normal Postoperative Change

  Postoperative Spinal Complications

  Myelography Complications

  Vertebroplasty Complications

  Failed Back Surgery Syndrome

  Recurrent Disc Herniation

  Peridural Fibrosis

  Arachnoiditis/Adhesions

  Arachnoiditis Ossificans

  Adjacent Segment Degenerative Disease

  Proximal Junctional Failure

  Postoperative Infection

  Pseudomeningocele

  Postsurgical Deformity and Functional Kyphosis

  Radiation Myelopathy

  Postirradiation Vertebral Marrow

  Section 2: Hardware

  Metal Artifact

  Occipitocervical Fixation

  Plates and Screws

  Cages

  Interbody Fusion Devices

  Interspinous Spacing Devices

  Cervical Artificial Disc

  Lumbar Artificial Disc

  Hardware Failure

  Bone Graft Complications

  rhBMP-2 Complications

  Heterotopic Bone Formation

  Section 3: Post Radiation and Chemotherapy Complications

  Anterior Lumbar Radiculopathy